Charles Booth Essay Example for Free

Charles Booth Essay The social history of 19th century London can only be deduced through the remaining surveys and various documents left from that time period. Charles Booth was an innovative surveyor and social investigator in the late 1800s and formed surveys of the life and labor of the 19th century London population. Charles Booth took initiative to look into the various areas of poverty, but also examined the possible reasons for poverty. Past surveyors did not use accurate methods to create statistics or charts. Most social investigators used observation for their respective purpose. Booth used scientific methods and created better detailed censuses and surveys of London. Booth was the first to make connections and implications of poverty from the areas in which the people lived, living conditions, religious life, and occupation. His methodologies were complex and his conclusions were based upon empirical data. Charles Booth used innovated research methods such as: detailed questionnaires, personal interviews, and visual observations to investigate the cause of poverty. Certain areas in London, for example the East End, were infamously known for its poverty and unfortunate crimes. Many knew only of the conditions in the East End because of authors such as Charles Dickens and George Moore that â€Å"often set their works in poorer parts of town. † The conditions were overly exaggerated and were only representative of a small section of the East End. Inwood describes the situation accurately with his statement, â€Å"how many people lived in squalor and malnutrition was not known, although some writers tried to quantify London poverty, on the basis of inadequate evidence. Mayhew produced many pages of statistics, but most of them referred to the ‘street folk’, beggars, hawkers, scavengers, and entertainers, a tiny proportion of the London poor. † There were other social surveys conducted before Charles Booth started his social investigation, however none were as detailed and representative of the entire London population as Booth. â€Å"Investigative journalist, Henry Mayhew, reported on their interviews with the poor, while a few intrepid social explorers dressed as tramps and experienced at first-hand a night in the casual ward of a workhouse. Nonetheless, there were still no in-depth and comprehensive surveys conducted until Charles Booth. Charles Booth was commissioned by the Lord Mayor of London’s Relief Fund in 1885 to analyze the census responses. Booth felt that the census was disorganized and not an adequate indication of the social problems in London. Therefore, he took it upon himself to fix and reorganize the cen sus. The first meeting was held on April 17, 1886 for the reconstruction of the census. From 1886-1903, Booth continued to use his methodologies to gather data and research the cause of the social problems in London, specifically poverty. Charles Booth studied the integral parts of the city by examining the background information of the citizens of every street in London. He focused his efforts into three main areas: the exploration of poverty, the occupations of Londoners, and the religious influence. Poverty was a major social concern during the Victorian era, as well as a continual struggle with even the most sophisticated societies in the 21st century. Booth found the social problem of poverty an important issue to explore. Poverty maps of Charles Booth were the first color-coded maps during the late 19th century. Booth created a map that encompassed the levels of poverty and wealth with different colors ranging from black to yellow to indicate a specific level of poverty that was placed directly to the London address of the household. There were eight poverty levels labeled A-H; with the lowest class labeled with the letter A and increasing in wealth with the wealthiest class labeled with the letter H. The hierarchal poverty classification system starts at the bottom with letter A and color black, which includes the criminals, street sellers, occasional laborers, and loafers. Letter B is the color dark blue and includes the very poor, casual earners that work no more than 3 days a week, and the persons that are â€Å"mentally, morally, or physically incapable of work. † Letter C includes the persons of â€Å"intermittent earnings† and an income of â€Å"18-21s for a moderate household,† laborers with irregular work,† and the â€Å"poor artisans. Letter D includes the â€Å"small regular earners,† poor, and â€Å"struggle to make ends meet† but are â€Å"decent steady men, paying their way and bringing up their children respectably. Letter C and D are represented by a light blue color and sometimes as purple if grouped with Letter E. Letter E includes the â€Å"regular earners earning 22-30s a week,† wives normally do not take trade, and boys and girls who normally do work. Letter F includes the â€Å"highest paid artisans,† â€Å"high class labor† that makes more than 30s a week. Letter E and F are represented by the color pink. Letter G includes the â€Å"lower middle class† described as â€Å"hardworking sober energetic men. † Letter G is signified by the color red. The wealthiest class, Letter H includes the â€Å"upper middle class† that keep servants. Letter H is represented by the color yellow. All of these poverty levels are placed onto the corresponding street on the map of the household described. In order to make the poverty map, Booth enlists others to help him gather his research. Booth instructed the â€Å"School Board visitors† to visit each individual home with children that were registered with the school district and collect information. The â€Å"School Board visitors† were to collect detailed information on the house address, number of rooms that the family inhabited, rent, occupations’ of the head of the household and the wife, and number of children in the household. Then the â€Å"School Board visitors† were to categorize the household into the poverty level according to the eight levels and then to assign the household to the corresponding color for the map. Due to the number of households in London, it became evident that taking a survey of every household would be too time-consuming. Therefore, a general survey of the street was also taken in addition to a small number of households on the street. The â€Å"School Board visitors† were instructed to write down notes on the street name, surveyed houses and the color associated, street condition, number of children between the ages of 3-13, and the color the street is associated with the poverty map. The end result is a color coded map of the levels of poverty specific from street to street. To inspect the social reasons for poverty, Charles Booth looked into the occupations that various household members held. Charles Booth saw industry as a major contributor to the level of poverty associated with a household. For that reason, he requested surveys and interviewed persons with particular occupations about their personal experiences to gain insight into the possible associations with poverty. Booth broke down the occupations into 18 categories and 89 subcategories with each industry given an occupation survey.

Joan Of Arc Essay -- Biography Biographies Maid of Orleans Essays

Joan of Arc Joan of Arc, first known as Jeanne d'Arc, was born in the village of Domremy, in the Champagne district of northeastern France. She was born on January 6, 1412 and died May 30,1431 at the age of 19. Joan is a French national heroin and a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. She rescued France from defeat during the "Hundred Years War" against England. In honor of her victory she is often called the Maid of Orleans. This is a story of her life. Joan was not a well-educated woman. She had never learned to read or write but was skilled in sewing and spinning. Her deeply religious mother and father, Isabelle and Jacques d'Arc raised her. Joan's father was a small peasant farmer, poor but not needy. Joan was the youngest of a family of five. She grew up herding cattle and sheep and helping in the fields during the harvest. Joan often referred to herself as Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid.) Joan, like most other children, spent much time praying to the statues of saints that stood around the church in her village. At the age of 13 in the summer of 1425, she began having religious visions and hearing what she believed were voices of saints. They started occuring once a week and as she got older they happened daily. She said the voices told her to always behave, obey her parents, pray, etc. She claimed they were the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. She was said to be a Clair Voyant, a person who has knowledge of events happening far away or in the futures without using any of the five senses. The visions and voices never left her. Finally, four years later she was convinced that God had chosen her to help King Charles VII clear the English from French land. Joan set out to Vancoulers to ask the military commander Robert Baudricourt, for an escort to visit the king. The commander did not take her seriously at first and laughed. Eventually he gave her what she wanted. At the age of 17 in 1429 Joan left to fulfill her first mission or triumph. King Charles VII had been king for 7 years prior. His main enemies were the English and the Burgundians, who supported the English. Both parties controlled Paris and the northern part of France. His enemies did not accept the King. Charles had never been crowned because where kings were crowned was in enemy territory. Meanwhile the military situation of King Cha... ...sisted that her visions and voices came from God. Charles, whom Joan had helped crown, sent no one to rescue her. Months later Joan was sentenced to death by a French Clergy. She was burned at the stake before a large crowd in a marketplace of Rouen, France on May 30, 1431. Her courageous death had caused many to believe they had witnessed the martyrdom of a Saint. Martyrdom is the extreme suffering of a person because of heretics, or strong opinions. Joan did not receive a Christian Burial. Instead her ashes were thrown into the Seine River. In 1455 her family called for a new trial. In 1456, a mere 25 years later, Pope Calixtus III declared that Joan was innocent in the end. Almost 500 years later in 1909 Pope Pius X beatified her, or proclaimed her to exalt above all others. Which is a step towards canonization, or sainthood in the Roman Catholic Church. In 1920, almost 500 years after her death, the Catholic Church canonized Joan, or declared her to be a saint. Her feast day is celebrated the day of her death, May 30. Today many authors write about Joan of Arc. Patriots, people studying the super natural, supporters of women's rights, and many more admire her.

Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

Electricity can be generated by firing fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels are burned and the heat produced is used to bring forth steam that drives turbines which run electrical generators. Coal is the most frequently used of these fuels because it is readily available, with big sedimentations all over the universe. There are rich coal sedimentations in the north western parts of South Africa, nevertheless, the remainder of Africa has really limited supplies. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and at the current rate of coal ingestion, universe militias are predicted to last about 200 old ages ( Breeze, 2005: 18 ) which has lead to the on-going development of new methods of electricity production concentrating on renewable resources. Despite this, the bulk of electricity production throughout the universe depends on coal. Coal has a figure of advantages, being the cheapest dodo fuel, nevertheless, it is expensive to transport and produces big measures of byproducts when burned. These byproducts include ash, N oxides and C dioxide, which have caused environmental harm worldwide. Coal excavation disturbs big home grounds and can hold a negative consequence on land and surface H2O ( Miller, 2005: 77 ) . As a consequence of the environmental impact, engineering has been developed to take some of the emanations of coal burning and power workss now adhere to strict environmental ordinances. This has increased the cost of constructing coal-burning power workss, but coal still remains the cheapest method of electricity coevals. Harmonizing to the official web site of Eskom, the largest manufacturer of electricity in Africa, 77 % of South Africa ‘s electricity is dependent on coal-burning power Stationss like the Arnot Power Station in Mpumalanga. Nuclear power is a controversial method of electricity coevals. When the karyon of big atoms split, they release monolithic sums of energy that can be used to bring forth steam and thrust turbines and electrical generators. This is known as atomic fission. Nuclear merger, whereby little atoms are fused together, besides releases big sums of energy. Catastrophic accidents in the yesteryear have lead to stringent safety ordinances being implemented in atomic power workss. This has lengthened the clip it takes to build these installations every bit good as increased the costs well ( Breeze, 2005: 249 ) . On the one manus, atomic energy has the disadvantage of toxic waste as a byproduct. To this twenty-four hours, there is no effectual manner of disposing of atomic waste. On the other manus, atomic power Stationss emit no harmful gases into the ambiance, but as of yet, merely a little per centum of the Earth ‘s uranium militias are being utilized for electricity coevals ( Suppes & A ; Storvick, 2007: 54 ) . Uranium is the most normally used component for atomic fission. South Africa boasts the lone atomic power Stationss in Africa at the minute and has tremendous militias of U for atomic fission. Eskom feels this makes South Africa an ideal topographic point to work atomic energy despite the high cost of waste disposal and safety systems, every bit good as the negative public perceptual experience.Renewable Energy BeginningsHydropower is a really undervalued renewable energy beginning due to the big environmental impact of constructing hydroelectric dikes that displace wildlife and disrupt the flow of rivers. This can irreversibly change ecosystems, nevertheless, proper planning of these installations can cut down this environmental impact drastically. Despite the environmental impact, they can still turn out to be good. Hydropower is one of the cheapest beginnings of electricity ( Breeze, 2005: 104 ) . Most of the states on Earth have the possible to profit from hydropower, nevertheless, in order to use hydropower efficaciously, a good site is needed. Sites can change greatly and installations must, hence, be site specific. These sites are normally located far from the country where the electricity is distributed and as a consequence, a good transmittal system must be taken into history when constructing power workss of this nature. The effectivity of a hydroelectric installation depends on the gradient and the volumetric flow rate of the river on which it is built. These locations are normally unaccessible, increasing the cost of building. Hydroelectric installations can either utilize the flowing of a river to drive hydraulic turbines or they can make a reservoir from which to pull H2O to power the turbines. The usage of these methods depends on whether the river flows at a comparatively changeless rate or non. This electricity coevals technique is really flexible, as the end product of dikes can be ramped up or down to suit differen t energy demands. Once built, these installations besides produce no direct waste and have low emanations of harmful gases. The Drakensburg Pumped Storage Scheme is an illustration of hydropower usage in South Africa, However, being a semi-arid state, Eskom states that hydro power is non executable due to the inevitable environmental impact of disrupting the flow of the few possible rivers South Africa has for this intent. Pressure differences in the atmosphere consequence in air current which can exercise a force on and impel turbines. The turbine blades gain mechanical energy when they are rotated and this energy is transferred to an electrical generator. Wind power is already efficaciously utilized in some parts of the universe. In Africa, it has been estimated that air current power could bring forth 10,600 terawatt hours per twelvemonth ( Breeze, 2005: 153 ) and this sum will increase as wind turbines become more efficient. However, the chief restriction of air current power is that it requires big sums of land to be effectual. Higher air current velocities allow greater energy coevals, doing offshore wind farms appealing, nevertheless, the cost of constructing offshore is greater. The tallness of turbines is besides of import as air current velocities vary with tallness. Many turbines have a minimal air current velocity below which they cease to be economical. Accepted wind velocities are normall y from 5 to 6.5 metres per second ( Breeze, 2005: 155 ) . A feasible site for air current farms must besides be level, as uneven terrain can do turbulency which may take to damage of the turbine blades. Making the turbine towers taller reduces the effects of turbulency, by traveling the turbine blades above the turbulent air, but at greater disbursal. Offshore wind turbines must besides be raised above the maximal tallness of the moving ridges. Wind farms have really small environmental impact, utilizing a renewable resource and bring forthing clean energy, but they can make noise and may be unattractive. South Africa ‘s E and west seashores would be ideal for working air current power, and Eskom is executing feasibleness surveies to find whether the benefits outweigh the costs. Most of the energy exploited by adult male can be attributed to solar energy in some signifier or another, with the exclusion of atomic energy, tidal power and geothermic energy ( Breeze, 2005: 184 ) . These derivations of solar energy are all used to bring forth electricity, nevertheless, solar energy can be used for this intent straight every bit good. Heat from the Sun can be used to drive heat engines or, by utilizing semiconducting materials in solar cells, sunlight can be converted straight into electrical energy. The Sun provides an huge sum of energy that surpasses all other energy beginnings on Earth, despite us merely being able to tackle a fraction of the energy available. Solar energy has the largest energy potency of all renewable energy beginnings ( Shioshansi, 2009: 272 ) . Solar power workss require really small land relation to hydroelectric dikes. A good site for solar power workss requires frequent Sun exposure and small cloud screen. Brighter sunlight consequences in increased energy end product. Solar panels that harness solar energy are really various and can be included in the building of edifices. The chief disadvantage of solar energy is that it can merely be harnessed when the Sun is reflecting, hence, hive awaying energy becomes an of import factor to see when utilizing this energy coevals technique. Solar cells have a really simple design, but they are expensive to do, so care must besides be done often to guarantee maximal effectivity. Despite the evident advantages of solar energy, it is hardly used around the universe, nevertheless, this is quickly altering. South Africa has one of the highest solar irradiation degrees in the universe, harmonizing to Eskom, doing it an ideal topographic point to work solar energy for electricity coevalsDeveloping Energy BeginningsTidal power Stationss use the rise and autumn of the tide to bring forth electricity. These installations must be built across estuaries and have many restrictions. This method of electricity coevals is merely effectual in topographic points where there is a important difference in tallness between high and low tide. The cost of constructing tidal power Stationss is besides excessively high to warrant their building in most instances ( Breeze, 2005: 122 ) , doing them wasteful. South Africa has many estuaries but the height difference between tides is about two metres, which would non bring forth a important sum of electricity. Tidal power is, hence, impracticable in South Africa. However, there are other methods of bring forthing electricity utilizing the ocean. The difference in temperature between H2O of different deepnesss can drive a heat engine to bring forth utile work in the signifier of electricity. These temperature differences are normally excessively little for this method to be executable. Larger temperature differences are favored by heat engines and the effectivity of this procedure is, hence, marginally increased closer to the Torrid Zones. Despite all of its disadvantages, the engineering is still undergoing much development because of its possible to run continuously. The motion of moving ridges and submarine currents can besides drive hydraulic turbines to bring forth energy. South Africa has about 2,800 kilometres of coastline which has the potency for use of ocean power. However, the engineering is really new and, hence, the cost and environmental impact of ocean power installations is non yet known. Eskom is busy carry oning research as to whether ocean power is a executable beginning of energy in South Africa. Geothermal energy consequences from heat in the mantle of the Earth radiating towards its crust. This energy can be used to bring forth electricity, but at that place exist merely a few parts on Earth with temperatures high plenty and near plenty to the Earth ‘s surface. The heat from the Earth is used to make steam which can drive turbines that supply energy to electrical generators. Geothermal energy is thought to be a renewable beginning of energy, but this is non needfully true. The heat used for electricity coevals is non replaced, nevertheless, the sum of heat used is negligible in comparing to the sum of heat contained within the Earth. Although geothermic energy has been used for a long clip, the engineering is still being developed in order to go a more effectual beginning of electricity. It has the advantages of being inexpensive and can be exploited easy. Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest signifiers of energy because of the comparative absence of any atmospher ic emanations ( Breeze, 2005: 171 ) . Hot springs and geysers are a good mark of a potentially feasible site for a geothermic power works. Hot springs and geysers are a good mark of a potentially feasible site for a geothermic power works. Higher temperature heat reservoirs are better for working geothermic energy, but are normally deeper down which consequences in higher costs. However, these heat reservoirs can be depleted over clip if the fluids in the reservoir are non replaced. The clip it takes for a reservoir to go low can change greatly, but with the right direction they can be maintained for long periods of clip. If managed falsely, geothermic power workss can hold black effects on the environment. This is chiefly due to pollution of land H2O and take downing the H2O tabular array. Some environmental impacts are ineluctable, but the impact of geothermic workss are normally restricted to the immediate milieus of the works ( DiPippo, 2008: 386 ) unlike traditional power works s. The temperature ranges used in geothermic power workss are much lower compared to traditional power workss, nevertheless, ensuing in a lower energy transition efficiency. Geothermal sites can change greatly and installations, hence, have to be built harmonizing to the conditions of a specific site. South Africa has feasible chances for the usage of geothermic power, but as of yet, no large-scale geothermic energy coevals exists in South Africa ( Smit, 2010 ) .

Animal Protection Decision Essay

In â€Å"Why Do Species Matter? †, Lilly-Marlene Russow argues that humans have a moral obligation to protect and to ensure the continued existence of things of aesthetic value which includes some but not necessarily all animals. In this paper, I will argue that the subjectivity involved in determining aesthetic value makes it an insufficient element for determining moral obligation to the protection and preservation of some animals. Russow begins the argument by separating humanity’s obligations toward species from obligations to individual members of a species. This is to allow consistency with the disapproval of speciesism. Russow admits that by protecting individual animals we may, as a byproduct, protect some endangered species but members of the endangered species should be treated no differently than those of a flourishing one. She states that the concept of having interests, as it relates to determining value, cannot be applied to species but rather only to individual animals. Russow then uses several test cases to draw some conclusions about humanity’s confusion around what a species really is and what it is about certain species that we are trying to preserve or, in some cases, we do not care to preserve. Next, Russow provides objections to three traditional arguments for why species do matter. The first is the argument for stewardship which Russow dismisses due to its assumption that species are valuable. The second is the argument for extrinsic value of species regarding their contribution to big picture of life. Russow objects to three different extrinsic value perspectives by 1) stating that we cannot use a specie’s declination as a sign that humans are doing something wrong because that cannot account for unforeseen events, 2) stating that not every species is required for ecological stability, and 3) denying the evolutionary chain argument because extinction and development of species are both part of evolution. The third argument objected to by Russow is the argument for intrinsic value. Ironically, Russow’s main objection to this argument is the same objection that debunks her own argument. What gives intrinsic value? How much intrinsic value does something have? Drilling into intrinsic value further, Russow objects the biodiversity view claiming if diversity is virtuous than we would be obligated to create as many new species as possible, however useless they may be. She also objects to the aesthetic value view of species in that other benefits, such as economic, may override aesthetic value of a species. However, Russow does believe that the aesthetic value view is correct but must be applied more granularly to individual members of species. Russow argues that humans value the aesthetics presented by a single member of a species, not the species itself giving the example of valuing the beauty of a specific Bengal tiger we might encounter but not the species Panthera tigris. She also argues that we value the continued existence of â€Å"individuals like that† which sounds very similar to species. This is odd since the argument for aesthetic value related to species was previously objected by Russow. I argue that aesthetic value is a very subjective concept that is incapable of providing information that would be useful in determining the fate of some animals. Furthermore, aesthetic value is not an appropriate measure for making any relative comparisons to other individuals’ aesthetic value or other worldly good things or benefits in order to make logical decisions concerning the individuals in question. Much like the case of inherent value, there is not a reliable method for determining what has aesthetic value or not. Russow uses the rarity of encountering a member of a species and the desire to see a member of a species again as possible qualifiers for assigning aesthetic value. Other factors include beauty, intriguing environmental adaptations, and awesomeness. However, not all humans are going to consider these factors equally when determining aesthetic value of an animal. For instance, using Russow’s Case 1 as an example, one person may admire the survival techniques of the snail darter enough to protest the building of the dam while another person may not care at all about the snail darter’s existence because they are disgusting and unnecessary. One objection to my argument concerning the subjectivity of aesthetic value may be an appeal to the majority. Opponents may draw a comparison to the case of moral good and evil. A heavy majority of people believe that murder is wrong. Society determines murderers are immoral and governs accordingly. Therefore, if many people find something to be beautiful that a minority finds ugly, the case might be made that the minority is incorrect or somehow lacks the proper aesthetic judgment to make a proper determination of the thing’s value. To tackle this argument, I look no further than my own home. My wife is ophidiophobic, i. e. she has an irrational fear of snakes. I on the other hand greatly admire the beauty and intrigue of snakes. If there were a vote to be made on whether to annihilate a rare species of snakes in order to develop the land which they reside, I would most likely vote against. Conversely, my wife would rally supporters and be first in line to vote for eradicating the snakes; simply for the fact the snakes would be gone. Even if it was known that these snakes ate some kind of potentially harmful insect that would not matter to her. A 2001 study from Gallup, Inc. suggests up to 50% of Americans may possess a fear of snakes so I feel she would not be alone in this decision. We cannot determine who is right or wrong in this situation. I can’t say my wife is wrong because no snake will ever have a drop of aesthetic value to her. Meanwhile, to argue against a case for preserving a snake population to aid in eliminating a harmful insect population doesn’t seem correct either. This leads back to my original objection which is that there is simply too much subjectivity involved in determining aesthetic value for the idea to be relevant in decision making related to the protection of animals.

how to design a network essays

how to design a network essays The college of Business (COB) server is now being used to support deliver to the Computer Information System (CIS) department. The CIS professors would be using the server for various operations. Assignments, e-mail, and other types of information would be easier for the students to access. Network users are able to share files, printers and other resources; send electronic messages and run programs on other computers. However, certain important issues need to be addressed and concentrated on. In order to begin the process of setting up the COB server, the total numbers of users (faculty and students) must be determined. Some other significant factors to be approached are: the required software applications needed on the network, an efficient and appropriate directory structure and effective security structure. In designing the directory structure, the major focus must be on accessibility. The number of undergraduate CIS courses that the server will be used for is be! tween 15 and 17. For the users to be ensured that their information is not at risk, we will create an effective security structure. In composing the appropriate security structure there must be certain access rights assigned to the users. An important technical detail in setting up a server is the amount of money that will need to be allocated for the restructuring of the system. For the system to function properly, the amount of hardware/ software will need to be determined. The COB server will primarily be used by CIS professors and CIS students. The approximate number of professors in the CIS department is between five and seven and the approximate number of CIS majors is between 100 and 120. As computer technology continues to grow, the number of CIS majors is vastly increasing. If we see a considerable rise in Computer Information Systems majors the department will have to expand its faculty me...

How Apportionment Determines State Representation

How Apportionment Determines State Representation Apportionment is the process of fairly dividing the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states based on population counts from the decennial U.S. census. Apportionment does not apply to the U.S. Senate, which under Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, is comprised of two senators from each state.   Who Came Up With the Apportionment Process? America’s Founding Fathers wanted the House of Representatives to represent the people rather than the state legislatures, which are represented in the Senate. To that end, Article I, Section II of the Constitution provides each state shall have at least one U.S. Representative, with the total size of a state’s delegation to the House based on its total population. Based on the national population as estimated in 1787, each member of the House in the First Federal Congress (1789–1791) represented 30,000 citizens. As the nation grew in geographic size and population, the number of representatives and the number of people they represented in the House increased accordingly.. Conducted in 1790, the first U.S, Census counted 4 million Americans. Based on that count, the total number of members elected to the House of Representatives grew from the original 65 to 106. The current membership of the House of Representatives was set at 435 by the Reapportionment Act of 1929, which established a permanent method for apportioning a constant number of seats according to each decennial census. How is Appropriation Calculated? The exact formula used for apportionment was created by mathematicians and politicians and adopted by Congress in 1941 as the Equal Proportions formula (Title 2, Section 2a, U. S. Code). First, each state is assigned one seat. Then, the remaining 385 seats are distributed using a formula that computes priority values based on each states apportionment population. Who is Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The apportionment calculation is based on the total resident population (citizen and noncitizen) of the 50 states. The apportionment population also includes U.S. Armed Forces personnel and federal civilian employees stationed outside the United States (and their dependents living with them) who can be allocated, based on administrative records, back to a home state. Are Children Under 18 Included? Yes. Being registered to vote or voting is not a requirement to be included in the apportionment population counts. Who is NOT Included in the Apportionment Population Count? The populations of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Island Areas are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. What is the Legal Mandate for Apportionment? Article I, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution mandates that an apportionment of representatives among the states be carried out each 10-year period. Schedule for Reporting and Applying Apportionment Counts According federal law codified in Title 13 of the U.S. Code, the Census Bureau must deliver the apportionment counts- the census-counted resident population totals for each state- to the Office of the President of the United States within nine months of the official census date. Since the 1930 census, the census date has been April 1, meaning the Office of the President must receive the state population counts by December 31 of the census year.   To Congress According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within one week of the opening of the next session of Congress in the new year, the president must report to the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives the apportionment population counts for each state and the number of representatives to which each state is entitled. To the States According to  Title 2, U.S. Code, within 15 days of receiving the apportionment population counts from the president, the Clerk of the House of Representatives must inform each state governor of the number of representatives to which that state is entitled. Using its population count and more detailed demographic results from the census, each state legislature then defines the geographic boundaries of its congressional and state election districts through a process known as redistricting.

The influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Taiwanese Dissertation

The influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Taiwanese Consumers' Purchase Intention and Brand Image in the Diamo - Dissertation Example They also reported that compared to 2010, the global diamond sales significantly increased by 18% to $71 billion, close to the 2007 peak of $73 billion before the crisis. IDEX (2013) and Tacy LTD (2013) indicated that the majority of growth contributed to the mounting demand from Chinese and Indian markets. De Beers, which is reviewed in this proposal as an example of the world’s leading diamond companies for more than a century, reached their second highest level of sales ever to $6.5 billion in 2011. In the 1990s an issue of â€Å"conflict diamonds† or â€Å"blood diamonds† was heatedly debated across the globe. The diamond industry encountered the crisis from their diamond sourced countries. In several politically unstable African countries, such as Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the diamond mines were under control of the military as a means to finance their military power. With the media‘s widespread coverage and t he movie â€Å"Blood Diamond†, the transactions between diamond buyers and the military, although not all from such illegal channels, were regarded as intensifying violent tribal conflict. Consequently, the reputation of the diamond industry was blackened (The Kimberly Process, 2013; Pauwelyn, 2003; Worldbank.org, 2013). In response to this situation, the Kimberley Process was organized in 2002. Under the auspices of the United Nations, The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) conducted a list of rules that every diamond trading country should obey: certification of rough diamonds is now required before being exported (Pauwelyn, 2003; Schefer, 2005). This is to "guarantee that their trade does not finance rebel activities" (The Kimberly Process, 2013). To establish a positive prestige from the infamous â€Å"blood diamond† image, and to ensure that De Beers’ â€Å"corporate activities contribute significantly to the development and prosperity of the co untries and communities in which they operate† (De Beers Group, 2013), their CSR principles has developed across five sustainability factors – Economics, Ethics, Employees, Communities and Environment, as all well as obeying the KPCS trading system (ibid). The case of De Beers will be explored, because it is a company which has executed its CSR policy since 2006, which provides luxury industry marketers a possible framework for strategic thinking and the effective use of CSR activities. There has been an upward research trend on how a company’s corporate social responsibility policy benefits consumer communication for several decades (Maignan, 2001). Meanwhile, this academic stream has invigorated the potential marketing development of corporate responsibility initiatives, such as the issue of corporate sustainability, environmentalism and corporate citizenship, among the real business world (Menon & Menon, 1997; Drumwright, 1994; Wigley, 2008; Lee, 2009;). Howev er, most of previous research discussed on CSR is more in the context of sustainability management or shareholder theory, rather than consumer aspects of understanding of this notion. Reinforcing this, Sen and